STUDY GUIDE · GKU 2
Electronics study guide (Electrical Engineering)
Electronics begins with a piece of silicon and ends with a system that measures, amplifies and converts signals. The first step is solid-state physics: energy bands, doping, and the p-n junction that makes a diode conduct one way. The second is the device: the diode, the bipolar junction transistor and the MOS transistor, each with a characteristic curve and a bias point. The third is the integrated circuit, where dozens of transistors are combined into an operational amplifier, and the op-amp is then treated as a building block with ideal rules, gain equations and bandwidth limits. The last step is application: summing, integrating, comparing, filtering, and the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters that join the analog and digital worlds. Every section opens with a quick-revision card, and the worked examples run from easy to exam level.
Structured by the official ETEC subject standard for this topic: every listed topic and learning outcome, with formulas, figures and worked examples. The full sections are available to members in the app.
SKU 2.1 · Fundamentals of electronics
Solid-state fundamentals and the p-n junction
Energy bands, doping, drift and diffusion, and the diode equation that turns a p-n junction into a one-way valve.
Diodes, BJTs and CMOS
Rectifier and Zener circuits, the BJT in the active region, the MOSFET switch, and the complementary pair that makes CMOS logic.
SKU 2.2 · Integrated circuits
Operational amplifiers and active filters
The ideal op-amp, inverting and non-inverting gain, difference amplifiers, and the gain–bandwidth and slew-rate limits that decide whether a design works.
Op-amp applications and data converters
Summing, integration and differentiation, comparators and instrumentation amplifiers, and the ADC/DAC pair that links analog and digital systems.