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STUDY GUIDE · GKU 1

Circuits and electronics study guide (Computer Engineering)

Every logic gate is a circuit, and every circuit obeys the same few laws. The first half of this unit is circuit analysis: Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin and Norton equivalents, nodal and mesh analysis, and how capacitors and inductors behave over time and with frequency — the reason a wire has delay and a clock edge has a slope. The second half goes inside the devices: how doping turns silicon into a conductor of chosen type, how a p-n junction rectifies, how a bipolar transistor amplifies or switches, and how two MOSFETs make the CMOS inverter whose noise margins and switching power set the limits of digital design.

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Structured by the official ETEC subject standard for this topic: every listed topic and learning outcome, with formulas, figures and worked examples. The full sections are available to members in the app.

SKU 1.1 · Electrical fundamentals and analysis

  1. Electrical quantities, circuit elements and Ohm's law

    Charge, current, voltage, power and energy; the resistor, capacitor and inductor laws; Ohm's law in its power forms; series, parallel and divider formulae; sizing a resistor.

  2. Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin and Norton equivalents

    KCL and KVL as conservation of charge and energy, reducing any linear two-terminal network to a Thevenin or Norton equivalent, and the load that draws maximum power.

  3. Mesh and nodal analysis

    Systematic methods for circuits that do not reduce: node voltages with KCL, mesh currents with KVL, how to choose between them, and checking a hand solution with a circuit simulator.

  4. Capacitors and inductors in time and frequency

    RC and RL step responses and the time constant; reactance, phase and how frequency changes a capacitor's and an inductor's behaviour; designing a simple RC filter and checking it in simulation.

SKU 1.2 · Basic transistor circuits

  1. Semiconductors: carriers, doping and conduction

    Electrons and holes, intrinsic and doped silicon, donors and acceptors, the mass-action law, conductivity and resistivity, and drift and diffusion currents linked by the Einstein relation.

  2. The p-n junction diode: bias, characteristic and models

    How a p-n junction forms a depletion region, forward and reverse bias, the exponential I-V law, breakdown, and the ideal, constant-drop and small-signal models with their limits.

  3. Bipolar junction transistors: amplifier and switch

    NPN and PNP structure and currents, the four regions of operation, the transfer characteristic of a transistor with a load resistor, and how the same device is used as an amplifier and as a switch.

  4. MOSFETs and the CMOS inverter

    The MOSFET's three regions and square law, the MOSFET as a switch, how an NMOS and a PMOS make the CMOS inverter, logic levels and noise margins, and why switching power grows with .

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